Park Sociology - 1244 Words

â€Å"What Brings Children to the Park† is a study conducted by Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris. The study looks at how park visitation patterns differ between boys and girls of different races and ethnicities. The study also included an observation of children at 50 inner-city and 50 suburban parks as well as a survey of children and their parents in 12 middle schools (Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris, 2010). Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris’ study uses causal language to describe their findings, this makes the study unreliable as it is a correlational study and correlation is not causation. The sample used in this study was misrepresentative of the population, leading to another factor causing bias in the study. The ideal study would include a†¦show more content†¦Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris also excluded the same two parks as mentioned above from the boys model as the tournaments were boys only tournaments and would have no effect on the girls model.Three inner-ci ty parks and one valley park were also excluded as outliers, however, Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris did not give a reason as to why these parks were excluded. One may be curious as to why the researchers did not give a reason as to why these parks were excluded as they were previously. Because the children at the 50 inner city parks and 50 suburban parks were simply observed not questioned, there is potential for many confounding variables. For example, because the children were observed and not surveyed, they may have been counted more than once, leading to false information. There was no way the researchers could have known the child’s race/ethnicity or their exact age; this could be an issue with older children in the 15-18 age bracket as without talking to someone it is difficult to tell how they are as some people look much older or younger than they actuallyShow MoreRelatedPark Sociology1218 Words   |  5 Pageschildren to the park† is a study conducted by Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris â€Å"aimed to understand how park visitation patterns differ between boys and girls, among children of different races and ethnicities, and between inner-city and suburban children. The study surveyed children and their parents in 12 middle schools and analyzed the results. The study also included an observation of children at 50 inner-city and 50 suburban parks and used multiple regression models containing park and neighborhoodRead MoreVideo Analysis on the Long Walk Home749 Words   |  3 PagesSociology Midterm - Video Analysis 1. Summary: The film I chose for this analysis is The Long Walk Home, directed by Richard Pearce. This film is about Odessa, an African-American maid in the Thompson family’s household in Montgomery, Alabama in the 1950s. On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks ‘refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake’s order to give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled.’ Ms. Parks was arrested and there followed the MontgomeryRead MoreGlobalization : Mcdonaldization Or Ikeaization?1325 Words   |  6 Pagesinterchange rate between countries, the intricacy and magnitude of systems involved, the capacity of commerce, and the uncertainty granted an unusual cogency to the term â€Å"globalization† (â€Å"Globalization, knowledge, and society: readings from International sociology,† 1990). 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Humor allows individuals toRead MoreThe Effects Of Urbanization, Industrialization, And Immigration On The Chicago Neighborhood Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pages In 1892, The University of Chicago became the first university in the United States of America to establish a department of sociology (Panzarella Vona, 2013). Within a couple of years, the University of Chicago would become the leading university in developing criminal theories. The top professors of the sociology department studied in France and Germany where there is an emphasis placed on the social influence in human behavior by using official records, such as court and welfare records, asRead MoreSocial Stratification: Through the eyes of Tà ¶nnies and Park1638 Words   |  7 PagesIn any study of urban sociology one is bound to encounter few scholars that have contributed as greatly to our current understanding of the structure and evolution of society as have Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies and Robert Park. Both born in the late nineteenth century and living well into the first part of the 20th century, affording each an opportunity to experience radical industrial growth, political a nd economic upheaval, and the first great international war. Despite these similarities, each theoristRead MoreThe Role Of Community On Natural Resources Conservation Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesCleaver KM, Schreiber GA (1994). Reversing the spiral: The population, agriculture, and environment nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa. The World Bank. Washington DC. Coleman, J. S. 1988. Social capital in the Creation of Human Capital: American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94, Supplements95-s120. Dugan, jpg.1990. Wetland conservation: A Review of current issue and Action IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Fabricus, C., Koch, E.Magome.H. And Turner, S. (Eds) 2004. Rights, Resources and Rural Development: community basedRead MoreThe Development of the Chicago Schools1684 Words   |  7 Pagesdepartment of Sociology in 1892 its focus related to issues in Criminology and Sociology, with interests in and towards Social Psychology along with Urban Sociology. The main focus of the Chicago school was that human behaviour was both formed and shaped by the environment. T he social and the physical environment, that an individual resides in and that it was environment over genes that was the primary determinant to behaviour among humans. It was a man by name of Robert E. Park coined the termRead MoreWar : What Is It Good For?1386 Words   |  6 PagesSean Younce Professor Pokas Sociology 101 24 Jun 2015 War: What is it Good for? The three major sociological perspectives have conflicting viewpoints about warfare. The three sociological perspectives provide different interpretations of war. The Structural Functionalists focus on how war unites different peoples as they must work together to survive, as well as how war in general protect the freedom of the masses. Conflict Theorists focus on how militarism runs the world, from creating warRead MoreBlack History954 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Sociology Instructor: Jeanette Maxey November 11, 2012 Theorists of Choice W.E.B Du Bois Sociology is the study of group behavior through the use of scientific investigation and research (Vissing, 2011). This class has shown so many different views on sociology. It explains how different people see society and how they live and interact with them. My theorist of choice is W.E.B Du Bois, because he laid down the foundation for the study of black sociology and the work of

Mental Health Issues Of Mental Illness Essay - 1756 Words

On Wednesday, October 7th, 2015, I attended a panel discussion on mental health issues. The goal of this presentation was to bring forward the voices of those who have lived with and are still living with mental illness and discuss the best ways to fight stigma associated with mental illnesses. The members of the panel educated the audience on stigma, discussed how to fight stigma, and also shared how to provide support for those with a mental illness. I thought that this presentation was very eye opening. At first, I was nervous to hear what the people on the panel had to say. I didn’t want to hear their stories because I was afraid it would upset me too much. However, I learned a lot from their presentations and found myself captivated and wrapped up in their stories as they talked. Sharon Murphy, Ph.D. said that she had the opportunity to watch the presentation from a different view this year, on the panel. She said that as each speaker was talking, she could see that each one of us was very interested and focused on what they had to say (Moundras, Andre, Monk, Friedman Murphy, 2015). Nobody was staring off into space, nobody was playing on their phone, and nobody broke eye contact with the presenter; not once. This presentation confirmed my beliefs on stigma related to mental health. I have always thought that people looked down upon those with a mental illness and I learned a lot about that during this presentation. In lecture, we discussed different ways that weShow MoreRelatedMental Health Issues and Illness 514 Words   |  2 Pageslike to bring attention to mental health issues, specifically the stigmas attached to mental illness and help bring understanding on a misunderstood subject. Mental health problems represent an increasing part of the worldwide disease burden (Reijneveld, 2005). There is a stigma attached to children, race/culture, as well as gender differences. It is important that we as the public become properly informed on the effects that these stigmas can have on the mental health of these populations. A studyRead MoreMental Illness : A Serious Public Health Issue Essay1907 Words   |  8 PagesBackground Mental illness is a serious public health issue, which is often overlooked in our society. In the United States, there are currently 1 in 5 people living with a mental illness, which accounts to 25% of the population (NAMI, 2016). Mental illness is considered a condition that deters a persons thinking, feeling, or mood (NAMI, 2016). This illness consists of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety, autism, ADHD, just to name a few (NAMI, 2016). What usually triggers mental illnessesRead MoreThe Link Between Homelessness And Mental Health983 Words   |  4 PagesWhat’s the issue? The lack of mental health services available to the mentally-ill and the deinstitutionalization of mental health hospitals have created a public health concern. These issues along with a failed continuum of care plans and a lack of community mental health services have been major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness. In many cases, only the critically ill are meeting clinicalRead MoreMental Health Disorders And Its Effects On Children And Society1626 Words   |  7 PagesRelated issues Mental health disorders such as bipolar disorder and ADHD creates a burden on affected children and society at large. Commonly identified issues include financial impact on the family, effect of the illness on the child, social issues, occupational and academic functioning, racial impact, effects on family, stigma of the illness, suicide, economic burden on society, role of healthcare providers and cultural issues. Role of religion Whenever a child is diagnosed with a mental illness, parentsRead MoreMental Health For The Mentally Ill999 Words   |  4 PagesMental Health Brief What’s the issue? The lack of mental health services available to the mentally-ill and the deinstitutionalization of mental health hospitals have created a public health concern. These issues along with failed continuum of care strategies and a lack of community mental health services are major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness among the mentally-ill. In many cases,Read MoreThe Cost Of Not Caring For Those With Mental Illness1498 Words   |  6 Pagesthose with Mental Illness Mental health issues are on the rise, especially among the youth, 6 out of 10 young people do not receive mental health treatment for major depression. Currently, there are over 40 million Americans are dealing with a mental health issue and 56 percent of them are not receiving proper treatment. (mentalhealthAmerica). In addition, 33 percent of all homeless individuals have a mental illness and do not receive treatment. With the rise of mental health issues, the fundingRead MoreMental Health : Becoming A Public Health Crisis873 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Mental illness is becoming a public health crisis through-out the world. Within developing and developed countries there are many different reasons that mental health has caused issues in the countries being examined. Mental health is an issue that can affect anyone at any time in their life. Ones mental health can be affected by many things around a person or just through their own genetics. All people are born into their family situations which can be in a developed or developingRead MoreMental Health is Working on Issues that have Roots in the Mind542 Words   |  3 Pagesof mental health that should be considered when working in the field of social work. One major aspect of mental illness the personal definition of mental illness, because it impacts any biases that may be held. Personal biases shape reactions and may impact the success of treatment if a client falls within the biases. There is also the impact of how society views mental illness also can stop those who have ment al illness from receiving the support they need. When thinking about mental health whatRead MoreVulnerable Populations - Human Services1683 Words   |  7 Pageslife to manage the illness. Examples of such illnesses are diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease. When discussing chronic mental illness, such diseases or disorders would be those that require ongoing treatment and care throughout much of the patients’ life. Examples would be schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, chronic anxiety disorder or attention deficit hyperactive disorder as well as many other specific forms of mental illness. Individuals suffering from chronic mental illnesses are partRead MoreMental Illness And Mental Illness1517 Words   |  7 Pages Who says you cannot bring the light to mental illness through comedy? So many of us think joking about mental illness can be demeaning to those who suffer from them. Although there are ways, you can help a person get through their struggles with the mental health issues they face, but do we ever ask ourselves the questions we necessarily need to know when it comes to helping someone with a mental illness. Is sarcasm, bad? Is it meant to demean others? Sarcasm can present itself as hostility and

Conflicting perspectives free essay sample

Before initial reading: The comments to the right are my thoughts and questions on phrases I have placed in the essay and how appropriate they would be. Analyse the ways conflicting perspectives generate diverse and provocative insights. All texts composed convey an agenda which is based on the composer’s context. William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, Jason Reitman’s satirical film Thank You For Smoking (2005) and George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) all use conflicting perspectives to convey their agenda by generating diverse and provocative insights. Conflicting perspectives are generated through the use and potential abuse of power, manipulation and the contrast between public and private personas and thus the responder is positioned to accept the perspective the composer has deemed to be valid. The use and abuse of power, the use of manipulation to gain power and the contrast between public and private personas are explored through the portrayal of conflicting perspectives. It can be seen that the responder is positioned to †¦.. the point you’re trying to make is that the use of conflicting perspectives allows for some ambiguity in the portrayal of these themes but you might then say that ‘ultimately we are positioned to accept that†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and then you could specify exactly what. Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar demonstrates conflicting perspectives on the nature of power. Shakespeare utilised this play as a commentary on the political situation of the time regarding the monarch of Elizabeth I. Elizabeth had gradually increased her power at the expense of the aristocracy and House of Commons, giving rise to political disputes. Likewise, Caesar has been granted dictatorial powers in the Roman Republic but he is not presented to have misused his power. Instead, Caesar’s hubris is more prevalent this which is seen to be the catalyst for the potential misuse of power. Brutus is aware of this and his idealism for a Roman Republic leads him to join the conspirators, shown in his soliloquy in Act Two Scene One. Brutus uses extended metaphors of a ladder and serpents in order to question Caesar’s ambition in conjunction with power. Brutus states  that ‘young ambition’s ladder [cause him to] look into the clouds, [leading him to] scorn the base degrees by which he did ascend’. Brutus also considers Caesar ‘a serpent’s egg, which would grow mischievous, and kill him in the shell’. The imagery of killing before birth reveals that Brutus is willing to remove Caesar before any tyrannical tendencies take place, suggesting that the assassination was unjust. Brutus would later attempt to justify the assassination that ‘because [Caesar] was ambitious, I slew him’. The conditional language and use of logos in demonstrating a clear cause and effect convinces the audience at Caesar’s funeral oration that the assassination was just, based on the declarative mood in their reaction that ‘Caesar was a tyrant’. However an alternative perspective is displayed through Antony. Even with Caesar’s dictatorial powers he has not seen any way in which he has abused his position, forming the basis of his defence of Caesar in his funeral oration. He uses conditional language by questioning ‘if Caesar was ambitious’ and he uses logos in presenting Caesar’s lack of ambition. Antony draws on examples such as ‘he thrice refused [the crown]’ and when coupled with the rhetorical question ‘did this in Caesar seem ambitious?’ he questions the view of the responders by providing a logical response to Brutus’ ill-based accusations. Antony is able to demonstrate Caesar’s lack of ambition and hence Caesar’s just use of power for the good of Rome. As a result Shakespeare presents two conflicting perspectives on power which generates diverse and provocative insights into his context. George Orwell’s Animal Farm also evokes similar ideas but its context as an allegory for the Stalinist rule of Soviet Russia must also be considered. George Orwell explores the notion of the corrupting nature of power in his allegorical novel (or political satire) ‘Animal Farm’. The allegory is a criticism of Soviet Communism tracks the rise of Napoleon, representing Stalin after the overthrow of Mr Jones, representing the last Tsar of Russia, Nicholas II. and how his power is seen to slowly corrupt prompting in its abuse. At the beginning of the allegory/fable the animals are seen to be harbouring discontent against their autocratic ruler of Mr Jones through their plotting to overthrow humans out of their farm. Major states with a declarative mood that they should ‘remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever’. This connotes that Mr  Jones has abused his powers in allowing the poor conditions for his working animals. After the animals have revolted against Mr Jones the original commandments of Animalism are created, calling for the equal distribution of power as ‘all animals are equal’. However Napoleon’s use of intimidation through brute force upsets the equality and with the exile of Snowball Napoleon is left in a position of absolute power. Napoleon’s guard dogs are used as a motif to symbolise his power as even after his initial deployment of his dogs against Snowball ‘the dogs growled so threateningly that they accepted his explanation without any further questions’. Napoleon’s power is also seen to corrupt him and he is ironically presented as to be simply a replacement for Mr Jones. Through reverting the name of the farm back to ‘Manor Farm’ Orwell perceives that the situation the animals are in do not differ from the reality of life under Mr Jones. Napoleon’s ‘transformation’ into a man is seen to represent this as the animals ‘look from pig to man, from man to pig, and from pig to man again, but already it was impossible to determine which was which’. The repetition and inversion of the order of ‘pig’ and ‘man’ highlight the confusion the animals have over their present reality. This illustrates the corruption of power in Napoleon and with this Orwell is suggesting that life under Stalin was no different than from Russia’s previous autocratic ruler of Tsar Nicholas II. Consequently Orwell’s use of conflicting perspectives over the issue of power in an allegory is able to provide a commentary of Orwell’s perspective of the nature of Stalinist Russia. Good – you clearly analyse and show the changed perspective of Napoleon but revise and consider how to clearly identify the conflicting perspectives. Julius Caesar demonstrates how a conflict between public and private personas can result in conflicting perspectives of characters. Act One Scene One introduces the idea of conflicting perspectives within personas with the Senators Flavius and Murellius and their perception of the commoners. The Senators clearly see the commoners as inferior with their descriptions as of them as ‘vulgar’ and ‘the basest metal’. This juxtaposes the positive diction used by them to describe the commoners as ‘good countrymen’ when they are in the public sphere, suggesting that the patronising tone used had the sole purpose of gaining support from the commoners. However Antony is  the character that conceals the deepest division between public and private personas, demonstrating his Machiavellian nature. His public persona is presented toas supportive of the assassination by being supportive of the conspirators as he states that ‘it would become me better than to close in terms of friendship with thine enemies’. Give a bit more info of context. Who does he say this to? However his antithesis is indicated through his ‘hope that you shall give me reasons why and wherein Caesar was dangerous’. How? This is implied to be a signal of support from Antony towards the conspiratorshow? but it hid his inner motives of his desire offor conflict against the conspirators. His private persona is presented to be heavily opposed to the assassination and he calls for ‘havoc’ and ‘let slip the dogs of war’, with the violent imagery clearly stating his intention and perspective of the assassination. Mention that this is in a soliloquy before the oration and what we learn. His private persona is reflected in his funeral orations where he repeatedly implies his disagreement with the assassination but never explicitly stating his stance. Initially he states that he ‘comes to bury Caesar, not to praise him’, but this is juxtaposed with his questioning tone and use of rhetorical questions that serve the purpose of suggesting the lack of justice in the assassination. Eg? His private persona comes into full view by the conclusion of his oration where through pathos he calls the ‘stones of Rome to rise up and mutiny’. Link to the dogs of war comments.This perspective of encouraging mutiny is therefore in direct contrast with his interactions with the other conspirators. Explain where. As a result conflicting perspectives are shown also within the characters in order to generate diverse and provocative insights. Similarly, Jason Reitman’s satirical film Thank You For Smoking also projects similar ideas regarding public and private personas. The film is a satire onof the perception of cigarettes and tobacco but not to the extent in which it is condoned, due to the fact that no character in the film is seen smoking. Conflicts in private and personal personas are seen through the protagonist of Nick Naylor with his public support of cigarettes and questioning of its associated health issues, juxtaposed with his private persona where he openly admits to smoking-related health issues. This issue is displayed through Naylor’s criteria for winning an argument, that ‘I  proved that you’re wrong. And if you’re wrong, I’m right’extend this quote with film techniques used at this point. His public persona has a distinct lack of integrity as he provides false promises on the nature of his employer, the Academy of Tobacco Studies. This is shown at the beg inning of the film where on a talk show he promises ‘50 million dollars to encourage kids not to smoke’. This is done despite it being completely contradictory to the perspectives of his employer who asks him ’50 million dollars? Are you out of your mind?’ The anger of his boss on promising the sum of money is seen through the closeup of his face as well as his questioning tone. However Naylor’s private persona admits to the health issues associated with smoking. In a meeting with the MOD group (Merchants of Death, constituting people from America’s firearms, alcohol and tobacco industries) in the film they discuss deaths directly attributed to their industry in order to gauge America’s most hated industry. Naylor boasts that ‘my product puts away 475 000 a year’ and he gloats that the level of alcohol related deaths is miniscule in context ‘100 000 in a year? Wowee a tragedy. Excuse me if I don’t exactly see terrorists getting excited kidnapping anyone from the alcohol industry’. The unconcerned facial expression coupled with the mid-close up shots of Naylor displaying no emotion and the comparison of deaths to terrorism demonstrates the complete disregard of human life. You need to comment on the use of satire as a way to highlight the conflict between what is said on screen and the purpose of the film maker. This is exemplified by the fast transition of shots in the conversation indicating the competitiveness of the argument. This scene is a satire ïÆ' ¼on the perceived lack of moral concern demonstrated by tobacco industry through its use of absurdist behaviour, mainly instigated by Naylor. Therefore Naylor’s contradiction between his public and private personas is also another medium used by Reitman in order to convey conflicting perspectives on his satire of the tobacco industry. Manipulation is one central concern in Julius Caesar which generates conflicting perspectives. Cassius is able to manipulate Brutus into firstly believing the idealism of his cause and thus joining the conspirators and enacting Caesar’s death. Brutus is presented to be an idealistic character as he ‘loves the name of honour more than I fear death’. The antithetical  language of ‘honour’ and ‘death’ demonstrates that he has cast himself as the honourable idealist, and when coupled with Brutus’ fear that Rome ‘chooses Caesar as their king’ Cassius is free to manipulate him into joining the conspirators. He uses hyperbole to exaggerate Caesar’s status and he juxtaposes images of him being both a ‘Colossus’ and a ‘sick girl’ in order to prove his weakness to Brutus. Cassius also appeals to his idealistic nature. His monologue contains the epistrophy epistrophe ‘one man’ that reveals Caesar’s true power, that only ‘one man is Rome’. This position is different to the democratic Roman Republic that Brutus represents and admires and he is slowly manipulated to join the conspirators. Manipulation is also seen to demonstrate the power of language, seen through the differing funeral orations of Brutus and Antony. Initially the commoners are irate onabout Caesar’s assassination and the declarative mood presented through ‘we will be satisfied’ highlights their anger but it also serves as a point of juxtaposition. Brutus’ use of logos convinces the crowd that he ‘loved Rome more’ than Caesar through posing rhetorical statements that question the loyalty of the commoners and Caesar’s supposedly true nature. Immediately following his oration the commoners immediately affirm that ‘Caesar was a tyrant’, with this declarative statement juxtaposing heavily with the sentiment displayed in the first line of the scene. However the crowd are manipulated again by Antony to subscribe to his point of view. He adopts a questioning tone throughout his oration in inquiring onabout the validity of Brutus’ statements in order to not directly oppose Brutus but let his audience question their own perspectives. He repeats the phrase ‘Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man’ but the repetition of the phrase combined with the logos in his argument in proving Caesar’s lack of ambition therefore hint at the invalidity of Brutus’ argument. Further on in his oration Antony also uses metaphor to describe Brutus, that he was ‘Caesar’s angel’. This image is contrasted with the assassination, the ‘most unkindest cut of all’ and this contributes to the sentiment of betrayal with Brutus that assists in manipulating the audience. By the conclusion of the speech the commoners are united with one common purpose, shown in the stage direction in that all the commoners state ‘We’ll mutiny [against Brutus]. Anto ny’s rapid manipulation of the crowd demonstrates the power of language  and how it can be used to shape perspective. The manipulation of the animals in Animal Farm also conveys similar sentiment. Orwell utilises a cyclical structure of the allegory in order to demonstrate the power of manipulation instigated mainly by the antagonist of Napoleon and his spokesperson of Squealer. Orwell’s use of the text as an allegory of Soviet Russia creates a chilling context for the reader due to the fact that manipulation was repeated in Stalin’s rule of Russia, leading to the subjugation of the citizens of the Soviet Union. The pigs of Napoleon and Snowball quickly establish themselves as the superior class in the new ‘classless’ society of Animalism. Their superior intellect immediately allows them to create a simplified maxim for Animalism, which was to be ‘four legs good, two legs bad’. The sheep, representing the uneducated class, immediately begin to circulate this simplified form of Animalism and their attitude is reflected in the sheep ‘bleating this onfor ho urs on end’. The onomatopoeia exemplifies the repetitive nature and submissiveness in accepting this maxim and thus of the commands set by Napoleon throughout the allegory. Motif as well? The commandments of Animalism is used as a vehicle to demonstrate the manipulation of the animals. The commandments are changed repeatedly throughout the allegory to manipulate the common animals and their ‘poor memory’ as well as their naivety contributes to their ultimate acceptance of the new norm. The first notion of this manipulation is done when the pigs move and reside in the farmhouse. The new commandment reads ‘no animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets’, with the ‘sheets’ clause added. The character of Clover demonstrates the naivety of the animals in general as she ‘had not remembered if it mentioned sheets, but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so’. The high modality of ‘it must have done so’ contrasts her failure to rememb er the commandment. Squealer’s immediate entry in justifying the change in the commandment is another example of manipulation as he uses his intellectual superiority and logos in order to influence his listeners. He states that a bed ‘is simply a place to sleep in’ and not a physical construct and his argument juxtaposes the affirmation at the establishment of Animalism that the commandments were ‘unalterable laws’. The death of the character of Boxer also reveals the extent of Napoleon’s manipulation. Boxer is a follower of Napoleon throughthe adoption of the motto ‘Napoleon is always right’ which, when combined with his hardworking nature, should warrant great care and respect from the pigs. However when Boxer falls ill he is taken to the ‘horse slaughterer’ to be killed in exchange for money. This reality, witnessed by the animals, contrasts the explanation of Squealer in that ‘the van had previously been the property of the knacker, and had been bought by the veterinary surgeon’. By the conclusion of the allegory Napoleon’s power has become increased to such an extent that even the commandments of Animalism are shown to reflect the changes in that ‘all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others’. The paradoxical nature of this statement juxtaposes the original idealistic thinking based behind the creation of Animalism and demonstrates the extent of the manipulation of the animals. The animals are not aware that they are living in conditions very similar to life under Jones which forms the basis of Orwell’s cyclical structure of the allegory. The bending of the truth by the pigs as well as the willingness of the animals to accept this reality highlights the vast extent and impact of manipulation. Thus manipulation is another medium in which conflicting perspectives can be revealed. Composers of texts use conflicting perspectives in order to generate diverse and provocative insights into their context. These perspectives are shown to favour one side and they can provide an insight into the opinion of the composer on issues affecting their context. This is seen in Julius Caesar, Thank You For Smoking and Animal Farm where the composers, through their portrayal of power, public and private personas and manipulation that form the basis of conflicting perspectives. This is excellent overall. However, there are things you can do to improve. The analysis of AF is almost longer than Caesar. You must mention the end of Caesar in your analysis. There doesn’t seem to be at least one quote from Acts 4 or 5. Find a couple and use them. In the first body paragraph on power, use quotes for Antony from elsewhere in the play, not just the oration. Eg comment on the deification of Caesar at the start and how stage directions are used by Shakespeare to contrast the views of the commoners/Antony/ and Cassius/Brutus and others. Give an example of where we  see Caesar’s hubris ‘northern star’†¦ and contrast that with his humility elsewhere. Shakespeare is always offering contrasting views and creating ambiguity. However, comment also on how we are finally positioned at the end of the play. If discussing Brutus’s hubris, mention the tragic structure. Contrast the way this character is presented at the beginning, middle and then the end when we see the consequences of both his idealism and hubris when he fights with Cassius and dies and then the final comments by Antony. When writing about Antony, consider the way he is presented as loyal, then angry and vengeful about the murder of Caesar, then pitiful, then scheming and manipulative. Take quotes from a range of places throughout the whole play to give the reader a better understanding of the narrative arc of this character. The final paragraph on AF could be edited. It is very long and veers away from the idea of conflicting perspectives in the middle and becomes an analysis of the novel. Throughout the discussion, you could make links between it and Caesar to remind the reader of your point. Email if you have questions.

Philosophy of Nursing Science Associated with Hemodialysis and Cardiac Issues

Introduction The unexpected demise of a patient in the course of hemodialysis is an unusual happening. The occurrence of cardiac arrest in the course of dialysis is approximated to be seven people out of one-hundred thousand sessions of hemodialysis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of Nursing Science Associated with Hemodialysis and Cardiac Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Out of the cases of cardiac arrests that emerge, about 13 per cent of them end up in deaths in the dialysis facility and 47 per cent pass away on their way to the hospital. The reason for death in most of these instances lies in cardiac arrhythmias, which is taken to be the main frequent cause (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Cardiac arrest has as well occurred in the course of dialysis secondary to the unusual incidences of emboli, serious hemodialysis, and difficulties associated with improper dialysate handling. Pericardi al effusions are common in patients undergoing hemodialysis. However, they are normally associated with uremia or the utilization of minoxidil. The medical presentation handles the range from the establishment of resultant symptomless outburst on echocardiograph to cardiac tamponage with demise. The first instance of deadly hemopericardium emanating from holes in the vena cava was accounted in 1981. Perforations in either the vena cava or atrium dextrum in the course of hemodialysis as witnessed in 1981 is an unusual source of cardiac tamponage. This paper discusses the philosophy of nursing discipline associated with hemodialysis and cardiac issues. Area of interest Apparently, person-to-person or patient-centered care is related to the excellence of care. Significant research can make it possible for the nurses to learn and adapt patient-centered care. Research by Jablonski (2007) provides three important themes.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These themes are affiliation between the relations of patient with providers of medical care, organizations and their personal experience of disease and heath, the degree to which the organizations attempt to satisfy the requirements of patients, and integration of the views of the patients on the excellence of healthcare as offered by health care givers and devisers. In his article, Jablonski evaluated the theoretical as well as experiential studies, examined the dimensions of patients having hemodialysis and efforts of doctors and nurses with respect to cardiac issues and quality of health care (Jablonski, 2007). Research affirms that the relations between nurses and patients having hemodialysis are vital for successful use of patient-centered care. In accordance with these attempts, the area of interest for this paper investigates the practice of patient-centered care perception. After the investigation, an explanat ion of its relevance follows the various constructs for realizing patient-centered care. From around 1970, different health care groups, strategy makers, and research groups have approved and held the concept of patient-centered care. A number of studies define patient-centered care as the concern that reveres and acts in response to the needs of each patient while making sure that decisions by health care providers satisfy the ideals of patients. Patient-centered care could have significant advantages for patients via enhanced relations, suitable involvement, increased satisfaction, and quality of the health care (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Research has revealed that the greatest hindrance to successful execution of patient-centered care is the uncertainty of its designation and major constituents. Patient-centered care entails individualized care of patients anchored in particular information of each patient instead of concentrating solely on the illness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of Nursing Science Associated with Hemodialysis and Cardiac Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individualized care generates an inclusive healthcare advance where the doctor attempts to view the sickness through the point of view of the patient, and is quick to respond to the requirements and inclinations of the patient. The perception of individualized care encompasses several subclasses like relations, admittance, and quality of health care (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). For minorities on hemodialysis and cardiac concerns, the execution of individualized care has as well brought about a reduction of period of stay, enhanced satisfaction of patients, and successful and excellent treatment that translates to reduced costs of health care. From the point of view of nurses, through first-rate individualized care, health institutions are capable of creating a mark that retains its c lients and gains reputation. Therefore, individualized care representation is progressively identified as significant for the assurance of excellent care (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Even if many people consider that hospitals are set to satisfy the requirements of patients, there are significant chances to boost their individualized (person-to-person) care by offering medical care to each patient. In a bid to operationalize the individualized care efficiently, hospitals should aspire to assist the characteristics of individualized care via teaching, collective information, incorporated and group management, and easy availability of important information. This aspect stresses the requirement for critical adjustments in the health care structures by tackling or incorporating major issues like inequality in medical care, increased costs of health care, cardiac issues on patients having hemodialysis, and access to medical care.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Epistemological and ontological correspondence (worldviews) Studies affirm that fibrosis with no necroinflammatory substance at the point of perforation indicates chronic trauma instead of infection-associated erosion because of recent cause of illness. The symptoms of cardiac tamponage encompass the following Dyspnea Epigastric ache Muddiness Nausea Retrosternal ache Uneasiness (Jablonski, 2007, p.25). The majority of difficulties encountered by people undergoing hemodialysis are linked to their lack of abidance by the treatment prescriptions. Moreover, unsuitable consumption of foods and too much fluid by the patients could bring about undesirable effects that rarify their situations. For instance, they could encounter tremors due to failure to limit the intake of potassium. They could as well experience itching and bone aches due to unsuitable phosphate levels. In addition, too much intake of sodium and fluid could bring about undue weight increase. Intake of too much sodium co uld lead to oedema particularly near the ankles, hypertension, and problems with breathing (Jablonski, 2007). Additionally, excessive consumption of protein intensifies destruction of the kidney. Therefore, it is clear that abidance by the dietary and fluid limits will not just decrease the dangers of symptoms and health difficulties, but will as well better the quality of life of the patients. Different studies have examined the extent to which patents going through dialysis comply with the prescriptions. The results of the studies reveal substantial proof disclosing that excellent treatment with resulting kidney disease is directly associated with conformity, taking into account dietary restrictions, prescription given, and fluid limitation (Jablonski, 2007). Nevertheless, there are researches showing that these patients fail to adhere to the prescribed diet and fluid intake and given medicines. In essence, patients going through hemodialysis encounter disparate hardships in beari ng with their status and normally ignore the requirement for a remedial diet. This scenario persists until the bad effects of lack of compliance arise and turn out to be intolerable. When patients are accustomed to the effects of infringing dietary as well as fluid checks and when they deem the effects fatal, then there is a possibility that they will be extra mindful of their medical condition. Since self-regard is a learnt conduct, knowledge and teaching are precious practices that can help patients to deal with their intricate medical prescriptions. Nevertheless, when they are taught to comprehend the justification for their health prescriptions, as well as the causes and effects of their selections with regard to what they consume and drink, they are capable of coming up with wise judgments concerning whether or not to comply with the commendations. Therefore, it appears that lack of knowledge is the greatest aspect leading to non-adherence with the medical prescriptions (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). The prescriptions are particularly fluid and food limitations that consequently may cause worsening of the sickness. Incongruence The necessity of sufficient teaching and learning programs concerning medical prescriptions, specifically with a focus on fluid and food prescriptions for patients taking hemodialysis, has been under discourse in different nursing studies. Nevertheless, the incongruence involving different kinds of educational techniques and their efficiency on food and fluid adherence requires further evaluation. Oral education encompassing a person-to-person patient education in the company of a nephrology nurse is among the techniques employed for educating patients that undergo hemodialysis. Oral teaching via group education program is just as efficient as person-to-person education (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Moreover, patients have declared that group teaching is very helpful in directing them for suitable self-care. Nonetheless, a number of researchers consider that patient teaching via oral teaching programs is normally concise and do not offer a sufficient information basis, while video teaching could have a number of merits and carry out a significant task in the education process. It is clear that the application of video creates a more consequential teaching substance. Through the pictorial illustration to patients on the way they should eat and drink and other knowledge applicable to self-care, it could be anticipated that patients can keep hold of this information in a better way. More to the incongruence, there is no research that has been conducted to examine the contribution of video teaching for patients that have chronic health situations particularly with regard to renal illnesses and resulting cardiac issues for those having hemodialysis. The majority of past assessments were for surgical pre-adjustment or teaching after surgery, rape, self-assessment or prevention of sexually transmitted disea ses. In this regard, it is crucial that future research study the effects of video teaching on food and fluid adherence in patients that have taken hemodialysis (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Instances from studies Adjustable risk factors connected with cardiac arrest for patients having hemodialysis Sudden cardiac arrest denotes the most usual reason for death of patients taking hemodialysis. Although the patient is capable of being saved after the sudden cardiac arrest, there is very little possibility of lasting survival. Therefore, the major challenge in dealing with patients having end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and that need hemodialysis is the way to offer a life-sustaining health care while decreasing the risk experience for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). The best advance to this difficulty is to identify the status of patients with severe chronic kidney illness and that are specifically susceptible to sudden cardiac arrest. Research affirms that merely a decrease of glom erular filtration rate adds onto the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Nevertheless, it is clear that experience of hemodialysis as well increases the risk (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Definitely, a greater chance of cardiac risk aspects like age, diabetes, and heart diseases amid patients having chronic kidney disease (CKD) is seen amid patients having chronic kidney disease; however, if these aspects predict sudden cardiac arrest during hemodialysis is not yet comprehensible. A section of the unfavorable effects of hemodialysis possibly emanates from non-physiological character of fast drink and electrolyte swings that arise in the course of a hemodialysis session (Green et al., 2011). In reality, epidemiological studies stress that the risk of sudden cardiac arrest is increased during hemodialysis and a noteworthy fraction of all instances of sudden cardiac arrest arise in the hemodialysis clinics. In spite of this proof, it is not clear as to whether the rise in the risk of s udden cardiac arrest is due to adjustable dialysis- explicit aspects or to the worsening of a cardiac issue. Acute cardiac issues in hemodialysis in cases of no previous cardiac sign Cardiac issues brought about by coronary artery disease signify a key reason behind death in patients having CKD taking hemodialysis. Jefferies et al. (2011) illustrated this model in their research by suggesting that coronary artery disease was higher in people having lasting sustenance hemodialysis, since coronary artery disease was evident in the majority of patients without previous signs of cardiac issues prior to start of hemodialysis. In fact, cardiac issues and deaths arise with a higher incidence in lasting sustenance hemodialysis (Jefferies et al., 2011). In different researches, long-term incidences of hemodialysis were not related to an augment in the risk of mortality rate cardiac issues. Additionally, acute myocardial infarction was highly probable to arise in a short instance after the st art of hemodialysis as compared to an extended instance of hemodialysis. The aforementioned outcomes propose that cardiac issues are highly developed and the possibility of death from cardiac issues is already high prior to having hemodialysis that could seem improbable in it to worsen cardiac issues (Jefferies et al., 2011). The aforementioned concern can be dealt with through the determination of the incidence rate of an early Major Adverse Cardiac Event (MACE). MACE is powerfully linked to coronary artery disease and the incidences of deaths because of cardiac issues in new patients having hemodialysis and lacking both cardiac signs and any proof of insufficient cardiac function in the course of chronic kidney disease. Since the screening for coronary artery disease is not normally conducted at the start of hemodialysis, the baseline for coronary artery disease and other aspects was evaluated between patients with and without subsequent cardiac issues happening after the start of hemodialysis. Philosophical insinuations Educational involvements through either oral or video teaching could have an influence on the food and fluid compliance of the patient. The significance of compliance is highlighted in studies, which affirm that the excellent medical treatments are of no value if a patient decides not to abide by the directions of the health care providers. Conventionally, there is no particular structure or principle for assessing adherence to the hemodialysis therapy as directed. Currently, adherence is described by different considerations like failure to attend a hemodialysis session, individualized care, and serum electrolytes. It has been found out that many adherence measures are likened to results of the acre to the patient. There are emphases that adherence measures must be quantifiable, confirmable, and perfect (Wanek et al., 2012). In essence, adherence measures must be significant for patients having hemodialysis and the cause of the disease must be isolated from other aspects and be associated with the significant outcomes. Consequently, fluid and food adherence is normally settled on by evaluating serum electrolytes among other factors. The results got from some research demonstrate that the majority of patients were acquiescent with regard to calcium, potassium, weight increase just to mention a few. The outcomes of compliance were significant since many patients are believed to have trouble in managing their sodium intake and salt being a key constituent of the majority of foods, thus suggesting little salt intake does not augur well with patients. The relationship between weight increase and activity shows that patients that spend their entire days while working as well as the ones carrying out part-time activities experienced hardships in managing their weight between hemodialysis sessions. This observation shows that employed patients find it hard to adhere to their nutritional prescriptions. The foods they often tak e contain high levels sodium thus causing them to feel thirsty and as a result take large volumes of fluids (Barnett et al., 2008). There are as well indications that education levels are related to the adherence of patients with the prescriptions. Nevertheless, some studies suggest that there is no correlation between education and adherence. As earlier stated, high levels of potassium intake could bring about instant and fatal consequences like cardiac arrest and high death rate. Therefore, patients should be more conscious and keen to control their intake of potassium. Contrary to potassium, high levels of phosphate can lead to severe consequences like bone illnesses with patients will realize these effects just after living with it for a long time (Barnett et al., 2008). Hence, patients have a tendency of believing that the effects are less noteworthy and less frightening. Even though it is reported that video teaching provides more benefits as compared to oral teaching, video t eaching does not offer adequate depiction to permit a superb conclusion with respect to calcium. Future studies In this paper, benefits of individualized care, the results of two education programs on food and fluid adherence in patients taking hemodialysis, and arising of cardiac issues have been discussed. In this study, the lasting consequences of oral teaching against video teaching on the results were not adequately discussed. In addition, the effect of patient counseling on their understanding was not examined, and this element should be discussed in future studies. Moreover, it should be discussed in details to highlight the association between understanding of information and other health results, in addition to various features of oral and video teaching and the excellence of hemodialysis care. Finally, quality of existence in patients that have undertaken hemodialysis and its relationship with teaching involvements is another key concern that future studies will need to ad dress (Albert, Buchsbaum, Li, 2007). Conclusion Effective treatment of patients with end-stage kidney disease necessitates the adherence of patients with intricate and fundamentally significant medical prescriptions. Research states that the relationship between nurses and patients taking hemodialysis are imperative for successful exploit of patient-centered care. The area of attention for this paper considers the practice of individualized care. After the examination, an elucidation of its application follows the diverse constructs for realizing individualized care. Enhancing the understanding of information of patients taking hemodialysis should be an essential section of treatment. It is fundamental that nurses highlight adherence with sodium intake to prevent the severe consequences like hypertension, weight increase, and oedema. Reference List Albert, N., Buchsbaum, R., Li, J. (2007). Randomized study of the effect of video education on heart failure healthcare utilization, s ymptoms, and self-care behaviors. Patient Education and Counseling, 69(1), 129–139. Barnett, T., Li Yoong, T., Pinikahana J., Si-Yen, T. (2008). Fluid compliance among patients having haemodialysis: can an educational program make a difference? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 61, 300–306. Booth, J., Pinney, J., Davenport, A. (2010). N-terminal proBNP—marker of cardiac dysfunction, fluid overload, or malnutrition in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 5(6), 1026-1040. Green, D., Roberts, R., New, I., Kalra, A. (2011). Sudden cardiac death in hemodialysis patients: an in-depth review. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 57(6), 921-929. Jablonski, A. (2007). The multidimensional characteristics of symptoms reported by patients on hemodialysis. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 34(1), 22-29. Jefferies, H., Virk, B., Schiller, B., Moran, J., McIntyre, C. W. (2011). Frequent hemodialysis schedules are associated with reduced leve ls of dialysis-induced cardiac injury (myocardial stunning). Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 6(6), 1326-1332. Wanek, R., Horn, E., Elapavaluru, S., Baroody, C., Sokos, G. (2012). Safe use of hemodialysis for dabigatran removal before cardiac surgery. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 46(9), 21-25. This essay on Philosophy of Nursing Science Associated with Hemodialysis and Cardiac Issues was written and submitted by user Mat Moth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.